![]() Considering the different motion trajectories of particles colliding with dry wall, wet wall, stationary wall, and moving wall, visual experiments are used to study the collision rebound model of different walls. The target audience of this book is researchers who perform calculations and engineering applications of solid–liquid two-phase pumps.This book considers the influence of the particle size on the force magnitude of the particles and analyzes the applicability of different solid–liquid two-phase calculation models. Finally, the engineering application calculation of the mixed transportation pump with different impeller structures is carried out. And the flow characteristics in centrifugal pumps are analyzed in relation to conveying performance and wall wear. Then the relationship between the two-phase flow characteristics and wall wear in the pipeline is revealed. ![]() First, the applicability of the computational model for two-phase flow is analyzed. Water’s influence on the world around us is affected by these properties.This book conducts a systematic study on internal flow characteristics and performance of centrifugal pump for solid–liquid mixed transportation. This has a major impact on weather, as storm systems like hurricanes can be impacted by the amount of heat that ocean water can store. Thus, water changes its temperature slowly as heat is added or removed. While 100 J of energy will change the temperature of 1 g of Fe by 230☌, this same amount of energy will change the temperature of 1 g of H 2O by only 100☌. Water also requires an unusually large amount of energy to change temperature. In colder weather, lakes and rivers freeze from the top, allowing animals and plants to continue to live underneath. Unlike most substances, the solid form of water is less dense than its liquid form, which allows ice to float on water. Though a liquid at normal temperatures, water molecules experience a relatively strong intermolecular interaction that allows them to maintain the liquid phase at higher temperatures than expected. The boiling points for similar-sized molecules, such as methane (BP = −162☌) and ammonia (BP = −33☌), are more than 100° lower. Water has unusually high melting and boiling points (0☌ and 100☌, respectively) for such a small molecule. In fact, water is sometimes called the universal solvent because of this ability. It is an excellent solvent it dissolves many other substances and allows those substances to react when in solution. Water has several properties that make it a unique substance among substances. That is a good thing because life on Earth would not be possible without the presence of liquid water. Looking Closer: Water, the Most Important LiquidĮarth is the only known body in our solar system that has liquid water existing freely on its surface. ![]() Glass is one example of an amorphous solid. Some solids, especially those composed of large molecules, cannot easily organize their particles in such regular crystals and exist as amorphous A solid with no regular structure. The effect of this regular arrangement of particles is sometimes visible macroscopically, as shown in Figure 8.7 "Crystalline Arrangement". Solids usually have their constituent particles arranged in a regular, three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions called a crystal A regular, three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions. ![]() Many solids composed of ions can also be quite brittle. Most solids are hard, but some (like waxes) are relatively soft. As a result, solids have a definite shape and volume. In the solid state, the individual particles of a substance are in fixed positions with respect to each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the particles. ![]()
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